“The spiritual dimension cannot be ignored, for it is what makes us human.”1 Victor E. Frankl
Spirituality in health is a topic that is of increasing interest and importance to the health care community and patients.2 Acknowledging and incorporating spirituality into the care of patients is becoming increasingly recognized for its importance in treating the patient as a whole person (i.e., mind, body, and spirit).
References
- 1. . Man’s search for meaning. New York, NY: Washington Square Press; 1984. Google Scholar,
- 2. . Health and spirituality. JAMA. 2017;318(6):519-520. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 3. . Spirituality, health, and healing: an integrative approach. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2011. Google Scholar,
- 4. . Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry. 2012; Article 278730. Crossref, Google Scholar,
- 5. . Handbook of religion and health. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012. Google Scholar,
- 6. . Charmides, or temperance. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons; 1990. Google Scholar,
- 7. . Handbook of religion and health. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001. Crossref, Google Scholar,
- 8. . Making healthcare whole. Integrating spirituality into patient care. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press; 2010. Google Scholar,
- 9. . Does a multi-dimensional concept of health include spirituality? Analysis of Japan health science council’s discussions on WHO’s ‘definition of health’ (1998). Int J Appl Soc. 2012;2(6):71-77. Crossref, Google Scholar,
- 10. Spirituality and religiosity of pharmacy students. Am J Pharm Educ. 2019;83(1):Article 6795. Crossref, Google Scholar,
- 11. . The role of spirituality in health care. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2001;14(4):352-357. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 12. Gallop Poll. Religion “Topics A to Z”. http://www.gallup.com/poll/1690/religion.aspx. Accessed November 30, 2020. Google Scholar,
- 13. . Beliefs and attitudes of hospital inpatients about faith healing and prayer. J Fam Pract. 1994;39:349-352. Medline, Google Scholar,
- 14. Discussing spirituality with patients: a rational and ethical approach. Ann Fam Med. 2004;2(4):356-361. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 15. Patient preference for physician discussion and practice of spirituality results from a multicenter patient survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(1):38-43. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 16. . Stages of faith: the psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishing; 1981. Google Scholar,
- 17. . The life cycle completed. New York, NY: WW Norton; 1982. Google Scholar,
- 18. . Spirituality in patient care—why, how, when and what. 3rd ed. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press; 2013. Google Scholar,
- 19. Primary care physician preferences regarding spiritual behavior in medical practice. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2751-2756. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 20. . Health care professionals’ responses to religious or spiritual statements by surrogate decision makers during goals-of-care discussions. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:1662-1669. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 21. critical incident study of nurses’ responses to the spiritual needs of their patients. J Adv Nurs. 2001;33(4):446-455. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 22. . Developing spirituality in the curriculum: worldviews, intrapersonal connectedness, interpersonal connectedness. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2003;24(6):290-294. Medline, Google Scholar,
- 23. . Student nurses’ perspectives of spirituality and spiritual care. Nurse Educ Today. 2013;33(6):574-579. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 24. . The efficacy of integrating spirituality into undergraduate nursing curricula. Nurs Ethics. 2014;21(8):929-945. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 25. . Spirituality: the missing link for holistic health care. J of Holist Nurs. 2020;38(1):4-7. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 26. . Integrating clients’ religion/spirituality in clinical practice: A comparison among social workers, psychologists, counselors, marriage and family therapists, and nurses. J Clin Psychol. 2018;74:680-694. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 27. . Physician assistant program education on spirituality and religion in patient encounters. J Physician Assist Educ. 2013;24(2):24-27. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 28. Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant, Inc. Accreditation Standards for Physician Assistant Education, 5th edition. www.arc-pa.org. Accessed December 2, 2020. Google Scholar,
- 29. . The spiritual aspect of patient care in the curricula of colleges of pharmacy. Am J Pharm Educ. 2003;67:1-5. Google Scholar,
- 30. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Accreditation standards and key elements for the professional program in pharmacy leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy degree, 2015. Standards 2016. https://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/Standards2016FINAL.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2020. Google Scholar,
- 31. . Experiences with an elective in spirituality. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008;72(1):Article 16. Google Scholar,
- 32. . Spiritual assessment: a new outlook on the pharmacist’s role. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63(2):169-173. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 33. A comparison of spirituality and perceptions regarding the role of spirituality in professional education between first year student pharmacists and nursing students. A J Pharm Educ. 2020;84(9):1218-1225. Google Scholar,
- 34. . The spiritual aspect of patient care in the curricula of colleges of pharmacy. Am J Pharm Educ. 2003;67(2):Article 44. Crossref, Google Scholar,
- 35. Health Policy Institute. Cultural competence in health care: is it important for people with chronic conditions? https://hpi.georgetown.edu/cultural/. Accessed November 2, 2020. Google Scholar,
- 36. American College of Clinical Pharmacy, . Cultural competence in health care and its implications for pharmacy. Part 1. Overview of key concepts in multicultural health care. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27(7):1062-1079. doi:10.1592/phco.27.7.1062 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 37. . The role of the pharmacist in health care: expanding and evolving. N C Med J. 2017;78(3):165-167. doi:10.18043/ncm.78.3.165 Medline, Google Scholar,
- 38. . Community pharmacists" contributions to disease management during the COVID-19 pandemic [published correction appears in Prev Chronic Dis. 2020 Sep 03;17:E98]. Prev Chronic Dis. 2020 Jul 23;17:E69. doi:10.5888/pcd17.200317 Google Scholar,
- 39. . Educating clinicians about cultural competence and disparities in health and health care. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2011;31(3):196-206. doi:10.1002/chp.20127 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 40. . ‘Pharmacy deserts’ are prevalent in Chicago’s predominantly minority communities, raising medication access concerns. Health Aff (Millwood). 2014;33(11):1958-1965. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1397 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 41. . Services provided by community pharmacies in Wayne County, Michigan: a comparison by ZIP code characteristics. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2014;54(6):618-624. doi:10.1331/JAPhA.2014.14105 Crossref, Google Scholar,
- 42. Individual- and neighborhood-level characteristics associated with support of in-pharmacy vaccination among ESAP-registered pharmacies: pharmacists" role in reducing racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccinations in New York City. J Urban Health. 2011;88(1):176-185. doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9541-6 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 43. American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Cultural competency in health care and its implications for pharmacy part 3A: emphasis on pharmacy education, curriculums, and future directions. Pharmacotherapy. 2013;33(12):e347-e367. doi:10.1002/phar.1353 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 44. . Dealing with patient diversity in pharmacy practice. Drug Top. 1999;17:61-70. Google Scholar,
- 45. American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Cultural competency in health care and its implications for pharmacy Part 3B: emphasis on pharmacy education policy, procedures, and climate. Pharmacotherapy. 2013;33(12):e368-e381. doi:10.1002/phar.1352 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 46. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. The Oath of a Pharmacist. https://www.aacp.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/oath2018.pdf. Accessed October 15, 2020. Google Scholar,
- 47. American Pharmacists Association. The Oath of a Pharmacist. https://www.pharmacist.com/About/Oath-of-a-Pharmacist. Accessed October 15, 2020. Google Scholar,
- 48. American Pharmacists Association. The Code of Ethics for Pharmacists. https://aphanet.pharmacist.com/code-ethics?is_sso_called=1. Accessed October 15, 2020. Google Scholar,
- 49. . Clinical ethics: a practical approach to ethical decisions in clinical medicine. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2015. Google Scholar,
- 50. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF, eds. Principles of biomedical ethics. 8th ed. Oxford University Press; 2019. Google Scholar,
- 51. National Conference of State Legislatures. Pharmacist conscience clauses: laws and information. https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/pharmacist-conscience-clauses-laws-and-information.aspx. Accessed October 29, 2020. Google Scholar,
- 52. . Religious and cultural perspectives in bioethics. In: Singer PA, Viens AM, eds. The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics. Cambridge University Press; 2008. Section IX. Google Scholar,
- 53. . America’s changing religious identity. Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI). https://www.prri.org/research/american-religious-landscape-christian-religiously-unaffiliated/. Accessed October 15, 2020. Google Scholar,
- 54. . Religion, spirituality, and health care: social, ethical, and practical considerations. Am J Med. 2001;110:283-287. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 55. . The essence of spiritual care. Creative Nursing. 2018;24(1):36-41. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
- 56. Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners. Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process. May 29, 2014. https://jcpp.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PatientCareProcess-with-supporting-organizations.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2020. Google Scholar,
- 57. . Spirituality and health. In: (eds). Dossey & Keegan’s holistic nursing: A handbook for practice. 8th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learing; 2022:121-143. Google Scholar,